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I collected this gall (induced by the mite Aceria fraxinivora) on the ground of a backyard in Vienna, so the larva might have come from the soil.

It produced some sticky threads (in the first photo, with a dead bark louse). In the last two photos, a needle-like structure is visible in the head region

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A cecidomyiid, Arthrocnodax fraxinellus, is considered a predator of Aceria fraxinivora. The structure in the head region may be spatula sternalis. I do not know if cecidomyiids can produce sticky threads.

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Yes, Arthrocnodax, that was my target species - I was collecting these galls to search for them, and actually was successful:


But these larvae look quite different (and are smaller), and I do not know whether later stages would transform so much but I am sceptical.
I mentioned the structure in the head because I was thinking of spatula sternalis as well - so maybe Arthrocnodax, maybe another Cecidomyiid, maybe s.th. different?

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Well, it is even not excluded that small yellow larvae are cecidomyiids (Arthrocnodax?)and the larger ones might be e. g. ceratopogonids. Interesting case, hopefully you shall obtain imagoes.

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Stored in absolute EtOH, I fear its development is impeded for the foreseeable future...