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Just another newbie question for you experts ... Are there any endemic diptera in Europe? Is it only on islands that endemic species occur or perhaps also in other well-defined areas? How small living area can an endemic species survive (size of island etc)?

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There are many, although it is often difficult to be sure they do not also occur in the less well studied regions. there are probably many species only known from the Alps but some have or will turn up in the Caucasus or even the Himalayas. in the Mediterranean the Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulars all seem to have ther own endemics. i am spending much time dissecting beeflies at the moment and this endemism seems to be even greater than current taxonomy has it. Many southern Spanish beeflies are also recorded from the Magreb but in many cases i am finding that these are either misidentifications or they are separate species