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Larva seen in a small dirty water body in Durgapur, INDIA

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It resembles a midge larva (Chironomidae or Ceratopogonidae), having a contrasting head capsule with eyespot. I don't know of any midge larvae with anterior but not posterior prolegs.

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My initial reaction was Coleoptera, but we'd need a better photo to say anything meaningful

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I would say a beetle larvae within the family Hydrophilidae. In Europe I would say something like Enochrus, Helochares, Hydrobius etc. but in your faunal area? What is the approximate size?