#1
Art Borkent published a monograph on the pupa of biting midges of the world with a key to the genera in zootaxa:
http://www.mapres...79(1).html
full reference:
Borkent, A. (2014). The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera. Zootaxa 3879:1-317.